Is China a Neo-Mercantilist Nation Essay Example

Is China a Neo-Mercantilist Nation Essay Is China a Neo-mercantilist nation? Definition: neo-mecantilism Neo-mercantilism is a policy regime that encourages exports, discourages imports, controls capital movement, and centralizes currency decisions in the hands of a central government. The objective of neo-mercantilist policies is to increase the level of foreign reserves held by the government, allowing more effective monetary policy and fiscal policy. This is generally believe to come at the cost of lower standards of living than an open economy would bring at the same time, but offers the advantages to the government in question of having greater autonomy and control.It is called neo- because of the change in emphasis from classical mercantilism on military development, to economic development, and its acceptance of a greater level of market determination of prices internally than was true of classical mercantilism. Its policy recommendations sometimes echo the mercantilism of the early modern period. These are generally protectionist measures in the form of high tariffs and other import restrictions to protect domestic industries combined with government intervention to promote industrial growth, especially manufacturing.At its simplest level, it proposes that economic independence and self-sufficiency are legitimate objectives for a nation to pursue, and systems of protection are justified to allow the nation to develop its industrial and commercial infrastructure to the point where it can compete on equal terms in international trade. In macro-economic terms, it emphasizes a fixed currency and autonomy over monetary policy over capital mobility. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/NeomercantilismProtectionism is the economic policy of restraining trade between states through methods such as tariffs on imported goods, restrictive quotas, and a variety of other government regulations designed to allow (according to proponents) fair competition between imports and goods and service produced domestically . Protectionism doesn’t protect you. PostNoon. com. April 27, 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2012 This policy contrasts with free trade, where government barriers to trade are kept to a minimum. In recent years, it has become closely aligned with anti-globalization.The term is mostly used in the context of economics, where protectionism refers to policies or doctrines which protect businesses and workers within a country by restricting or regulating trade with foreign nations. â€Å"Xinhua (2012-05-24). Trade-oriented Economy Boosts Growth, Employment. CRI English. Retrieved 26 May 2012† A variety of policies have been used to achieve protectionist goals. These include: 1. Tariffs: Typically, tariffs (or taxes) are imposed on imported goods. Tariff rates usually vary according to the type of goods imported.Import tariffs will increase the cost to importers, and increase the price of imported goods in the local markets, thus lowering the quantity of goods imported, to favour lo cal producers. (see Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act) Tariffs may also be imposed on exports, and in an economy with floating exchange rates, export tariffs have similar effects as import tariffs. However, since export tariffs are often perceived as hurting local industries, while import tariffs are perceived as helping local industries, export tariffs are seldom implemented. 2.Import quotas: To reduce the quantity and therefore increase the market price of imported goods. The economic effects of an import quota is similar to that of a tariff, except that the tax revenue gain from a tariff will instead be distributed to those who receive import licenses. Economists often suggest that import licenses be auctioned to the highest bidder, or that import quotas be replaced by an equivalent tariff. 3. Administrative barriers: Countries are sometimes accused of using their various administrative rules (e. g. regarding food safety, environmental standards, electrical safety, etc. as a way to introduce barriers to imports. 4. Anti-dumping legislation: Supporters of anti-dumping laws argue that they prevent dumping of cheaper foreign goods that would cause local firms to close down. However, in practice, anti-dumping laws are usually used to impose trade tariffs on foreign exporters. 5. Direct subsidies: Government subsidies (in the form of lump-sum payments or cheap loans) are sometimes given to local firms that cannot compete well against imports. These subsidies are purported to protect local jobs, and to help local firms adjust to the world markets. . Export subsidies: Export subsidies are often used by governments to increase exports. Export subsidies have the opposite effect of export tariffs because exporters get payment, which is a percentage or proportion of the value of exported. Export subsidies increase the amount of trade, and in a country with floating exchange rates, have effects similar to import subsidies. 7. Exchange rate: manipulation: A government may intervene in the foreign exchange market to lower the value of its currency by selling its currency in the foreign exchange market.Doing so will raise the cost of imports and lower the cost of exports, leading to an improvement in its trade balance. However, such a policy is only effective in the short run, as it will most likely lead to inflation in the country, which will in turn raise the cost of exports, and reduce the relative price of imports. 8. International patent systems: There is an argument for viewing national patent systems as a cloak for protectionist trade policies at a national level.Two strands of this argument exist: one when patents held by one country form part of a system of exploitable relative advantage in trade negotiations against another, and a second where adhering to a worldwide system of patents confers good citizenship status despite de facto protectionism. Peter Drahos explains that States realized that patent systems could be used to cloak protection ist strategies. There were also reputational advantages for states to be seen to be sticking to intellectual property systems.One could attend the various revisions of the Paris and Berne conventions, participate in the cosmopolitan moral dialogue about the need to protect the fruits of authorial labor and inventive genius knowing all the while that ones domestic intellectual property system was a handy protectionist weapon. . ? Information Feudalism: Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?. London: Earthscan. 2002. p. 36. 9. Employment-based immigration restrictions, such as labor certification requirements or numerical caps on work visas. 10. Political campaigns advocating domestic consumption (e. . the Buy American campaign in the United States, which could be seen as an extra-legal promotion of protectionism. ) 11. Preferential governmental spending, such as the Buy American Act, federal legislation which called upon the United States government to prefer U. S. -made products in its pu rchases. In the modern trade arena many other initiatives besides tariffs have been called protectionist. For example, some commentators see developed countries efforts in imposing their own labor or environmental standards as protectionism.Also, the imposition of restrictive certification procedures on imports are seen in this light. Further, others point out that free trade agreements often have protectionist provisions such as intellectual property, copyright, and patent restrictions that benefit large corporations. These provisions restrict trade in music, movies, pharmaceuticals, software, and other manufactured items to high cost producers with quotas from low cost producers set to zero Protectionism doesn’t protect you and â€Å"The Conservative Nanny State† http://en. wikipedia. rg/wiki/Protectionist#cite_note-4 Ascertain whether China indeed has those aspects in its economic policy, making it a truely neo-mercantilist nation: Perceived or Real. Possible implic ations: whether such a claim is Real or Perceived It is certainly possible to see China’s economic policies as neo-mercantilist, though people in China might not agree. Mercantilism was the economic doctrine that held that a country must export more than it imported in order to be economically strong. Mercantilist countries tried to promote exports and reduce imports. From the perspective of many Americans, China engages in such policies today.Many Americans believe that China artificially weakens its currency so that it will be easier for Chinese firms to export. China is also said to put informal barriers in the way of imports and to heavily subsidize exports. All of these actions can be seen as neo-mercantilism. I have said before this and I must emphasize it again. The fundamental premise of all U. S trade/globalization talks and discussions is that the participants are all playing the same game of liberal, neo-classical, free market, resource endowment and comparative ad vantage based free trade.This is a totally false premise that immediately gets the discussions off in irrelevant directions. The global economy is, in fact, sharply divided between those who are playing the free trade game and those who are playing some form of mercantilism. Of course, there is a spectrum of attitudes and policies, but roughly speaking the Anglo/American countries, North America, and parts of Europe are playing free trade. Most of Asia, much of South America, the Middle East, Germany and parts of Europe are playing neo-mercantilism. Its like watching tennis players trying to play a game with football players.It doesnt work, and insisting on playing by the rules doesnt help, because both sets of teams are playing by the rules of their game. In any case, there are a lot fewer clear cut rules than most people think. For example, probably the biggest single factor in the off-shoring of large chunks of U. S. based production and millions of jobs abroad has been the pack ages of financial investment incentives offered by China and others to global companies to encourage them to relocate production. More jobs have been lost to these packages than to currency manipulation.But you cant complain about rules violations because there are no rules to cover these investment incentives. At the federal level, American doesnt offer such incentives but there is not WTO or IMF or other rule against it. Nor is the United States proposing any rules in this area. Take the case of currency manipulation. China is surely manipulating its currency, but so have and do many other countries. Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and others all used currency manipulation is a major element of their export led miracle growth strategies.Some of these countries still to engage in currency manipulation and recently others such as Brazil and Switzerland have gotten into the game. Germany enjoys an undervalued currency because of its incorporation in the Euro. So here is a case where rule violation has been so prevalent that the violation is, in a way, the rule. So if something is to be done about it, that something will have to be a lot more powerful than a call for everyone to play by the same rules. We first need to get everyone playing the same game, and that is more likely to turn out to be football than tennis. hat options do others have to deal with such a perceived or real protectionist tendency? Possible implications: whether such a claim is Real or Perceived References http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Neomercantilism ? OBrien, Patrick Karl amp; Clesse, Armand. (editors) Two Hegemonies: Britain 1846-1914 and the United States 1941-2001. Aldershot: Ashgate. (2002). ? Helmut Schoeck amp; James W. Wiggins (editors), Central Planning and Neomercantilism. Pdf document [1] with scanned pages at the Ludwig von Mises Institute, Auburn, Alabama, USA Harold James (2009-06-30).The End of Globalization. Harvard University Press / google books. p. page 12. Ear ly criticism In The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith criticised the implicit political corruption of mercantilism in limiting the benefits of trade to the elite classes, and asserted that free trade should benefit all interested parties. Smith considered mercantilism a system where one country increases its power by getting excess gold on foreign transactions and it is a system created by merchants in order to get monopolies and easy profits.Some people believe that, because Britain adopted his call for free trade policies, it fell behind the United States and Germany by 1880, having gained its dominance under the mercantilism of Cromwell and Elizabeth I (when according to Adam Smith, England was much less mercantilist than Spain and Portugal, who decayed much due to their colonial mercantilist policies, their gold reserves all naturally flowed to Britain, who at the time had a much more efficient production system, even though Portugal and Spain had colonies with much richer natural r esources than Britain).The success of the United States and Germany drove the reintroduction of protectionist regulations in the rest of Europe. Between 1870–1910 United States achieved a global industrial dominance thanks to innovations in its production system (such as interchangeable parts), culminating with Fords Assembly line. These innovations strongly increased the international competitiveness of American products. Philosophy Neomercantilism is founded on the use of control of capital movement and discouraging of domestic consumption as a means of increasing foreign reserves and promoting capital development.This involves protectionism on a host of levels: both protection of domestic producers, discouraging of consumer imports, structural barriers to prevent entry of foreign companies into domestic markets, manipulation of the currency value against foreign currencies and limitations on foreign ownership of domestic corporations. While all nations engage in these acti vities to one degree or another, neo-mercantilism makes them the focus of economic policy. The purpose is to develop export markets to developed countries, and selectively acquire strategic capital, while keeping ownership of the asset base in domestic ands. This use of protectionism is criticized on grounds that go back to Adam Smiths The Wealth of Nations, which was aimed directly at classical mercantilist policies, and whose arguments are applied to neo-mercantilism. Namely that protectionism is effective as a means of fostering economic independence and national stability; and questioning the conclusion that it allows for sustainable development of the nations industrial base in the most efficient manner.Instead market economics has for over two centuries argued that increasing competition within the nation which will more effectively promote capital development and efficient allocation of resources. Free traders argue that by closing an economy, resources will be spent duplicat ing products that could more effectively be bought from abroad, and that there will be less development of exports which offer a comparative advantage.Market economists also argue that protection denies a nations own consumers the opportunity to buy at cheaper market prices when quotas or tariffs are imposed on imports. The subsidy of goods has also been advocated under neo-mercantilism. The fair trade movement claims that the protection of stability in emerging economies by guaranteeing a minimum purchase of goods at prices above those available in the current world markets, can contribute to restoring economic and social balance as well as promote social justice.Proponents of the fair trade movement argue that this may help to avoid the instability generated by the influence of global corporations on developed and developing nations. Neomercantilists claim that Free Trade results in a negative philosophy that a nation that is not competitive deserves to decline and perish, just li ke an under-performing corporation should. They argue that free trade does not work well whenever dumping is practiced or the international rules do not take into account the differences between wages, costs environmental regulations, and benets from nation to nation.For instance, there is a major difference in the cost of labour between a First World and Third World country for two equally skilled (or unskilled) sets of workers. When this economic reality is exploited by First World manufacturers, the benefits accrue to First World shareholders and consumers (and slightly improved work condition of exploited Third World workers) at the expense of privileged First World workers and their status in the middle class. An unquestioningly open policy in such circumstances may effectively devalue first world human capital investments in favor of financial capital investments. Consider for example, a person deciding whether to invest in training as an engineer or in a portfolio of financia l assets. Offshoring dramatically increases the effective supply of engineers, and as a result, their price will tend to decline (or grow at a slower rate).This decline will be increased by the lower cost of living in non-first world countries that would allow an engineer there to live much better on a lower nominal salary than their first world counterpart. (see purchasing power parity). This obviously is resulting in a huge immigration of skilled professionals from first-world countries to the third world, seeking a better quality of life. Faced with such prospects, rational economic agents will tend to avoid investing in human capital in areas that are vulnerable to such government-induced devaluation.Instead, they will shift training toward areas that are protected by regulation (for example  : careers in law, medicine, government) or social tradition (tenured academia), or socio-cultural factors (sales) or local physical requirements (nursing, medicine, construction). Alterna tively, rational economic agents in first world economies may choose to invest in financial assets instead of human capital — further eroding the long term ability of the first world country to produce and grow.As predicted by Adam Smith, this effect would reduce the inequality between First World and Third World countries, increasing overall fairness. Additionally, since cost of goods sold tends to be a larger component of total revenue than profits for most industries, production within a country may keep a larger portion of the total wealth within the local economy in comparison to dividends of profits and reduced prices on consumer goods. Furthermore, infrastructure investments may be reduced when production is shifted offshore.Over the longer term, such reduced local investments may reduce longer term productivity and economic growth. Neomercantilist economies on the other hand are often characterized by higher long term growth rates (that tend to flatten when neomercant ilist policies are halted). This claim unfortunately is not verified among developed nations, where Australia is both the main proponent of international free trade and among the first world countries, the one with the higher sustained growth during the last fifteen years.Also, as of February 2009, Australia is also the only developed country who is not officially in recession. The language of neomercantilist policies repeats the claims of earlier centuries that protective measures benefit the nation as a whole and that governmental intervention secures the wealth of the nation for future generations. In doing so, neomercantilist admit that the interests of large corporations might as often be represented and protected as pushed aside for the national interest.As a neomercantilist nations industrial production capacity and improving research and development grow as a threat to the hegemons (who usually unilaterally practices free-trade as Britain in the 19th century and the USA in t he late 20th century) domestic markets, so protectionism is the usual response, initially through political and, when necessary, military means (see World War I).

The Prefix Co-

The Prefix Co- The Prefix Co- The Prefix Co- By Mark Nichol If you’re the betting type, and you wager on whether a given word beginning with a prefix is attached directly to the root word or linked with a hyphen, bet against the hyphen: The trend- in American English, at least- is to close prefixed words and compound words. However, you won’t always win, because there are exceptions, even among words beginning with a particular prefix. Take the prefix co-, for example. Using the Merriam-Webster’s website as the authority, we can see that virtually every word beginning with the prefix is closed. Exceptions include most words in which the root word begins with o, including co-official, co-organizer, and co-owner. Co-op takes a hyphen when it serves as an abbreviation for cooperative, even though the full term is not hyphenated- though it, like many other words containing prefixes, once was. (However, the unrelated term coop, referring to a shelter for birds or other animals, has no hyphen.) In British English, which is generally more conservative about orthography and word treatment, the correct form is co-operative (and co-operate and co-operation). Co-opt, however, is standard in both dominant forms of English. An all-but-obsolete treatment of such words to signal that the o’s are separated by a syllabic break- this style quaintly persists in the pages of the New Yorker- is the inclusion of a diaresis (two dots) over the second instance. Avoid attempting to attach the prefix to a phrase, as in â€Å"co-personal assistant,† which fails because it describes an assistant who is co-personal, not a personal assistant who shares responsibility with another person holding that title. A natural solution is to employ a slightly sturdier en dash in place of the hyphen to convey the prefix’s relationship to the entire phrase, not just the first word (equivalent to the stronger symbol’s usage in such phrases as â€Å"pre–Industrial Revolution†), but this strategy is not standard; instead, merely substitute co- with fellow. Finally, avoid the prefix altogether if it is always redundant, as in copartner, and consider doing so if, in context, it is often so, as in co-conspirator. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Beautiful and Ugly WordsWhat is the Difference Between Metaphor and Simile?Drama vs. Melodrama

Building matrices ( to answer my PICO question) Assignment

Building matrices ( to answer my PICO question) - Assignment Example It would have been externally valid if it had selected a sample that would represent a larger population. However, it might be still useful as a primary source. The study yielded reliable and valid results, but it would have been improved by ensuring that a study group instead of the caregivers controlled the medications. Additionally, most caregivers are family members who have les education on the actual purpose of drug administration. Adler, G., Mueller, B., & Articus, K. (2014). The transdermal formulation of rivastigmine improves caregiver burden and treatment adherence of patients with Alzheimers disease under daily practice conditions. Int J Clin Pract, 68(4), 465-470. doi:10.1111/ijcp.12374 Arranz, F., & LÃÆ' ³pez-Pousa, S. (2013). Characteristics of patients with Alzheimer’s disease who switch to rivastigmine transdermal patches in routine clinical practice. PPA, 47. doi:10.2147/ppa.s38719 Andrade-dos-Santos, G., Canineu, P., Pardi, P., & GonÃÆ' §alves, I. (2011). Influence of Rivastigmine transdermal on butyrylcholinesterase levels in patients with Alzheimerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s disease. Alzheimers & Dementia, 5(4), 332-336. Gauthier, S., Robillard, A., Cohen, S., Black, S., Sampalis, J., & Colizza, D. et al. (2013). Real-life effectiveness and tolerability of the rivastigmine transdermal patch in patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s disease: the EMBRACE study. Curr Med Res Opin, 29(8), 989-1000. doi:10.1185/03007995.2013.802230 Moretti, D., Frisoni, G., Binetti, G., & Zanetti, O. (2014). Comparison of the effects of transdermal and oral rivastigmine on cognitive function and EEG markers in patients with AlzheimerÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s disease. Frontiers In Aging Neuroscience, 6.

Motivational Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Motivational Management - Essay Example The researcher states that the most important things learned from the paper is the power of a good management practice. Utilizing a proper management program a business or organization is more likely to achieve its goals as opposed to not using. If am placed in a position of a future manager, the skills the author has acquired in the class will help him out in leading the company or business he will be running towards its success. The management theories of motivation are as follows: Content theory focuses on human needs and the motivating factor towards a particular achievement. Human needs do change with every achievement one makes. This comes from the need to be satisfied in life. Content theory looks at the motivating factors while process theory focuses on how the processes of motivation itself operates and maintain itself over a long period, not forgetting the factors that affect the amount of effort put into the act and the extension of the effort. Human beings doing various t hings due to different reasons as the theories have highlighted. Reward theory is not so different; it shows that an individual will be motivated towards doing or performing a particular action to get a specified reward at the completion of such an action.

The Key Roles of the Central Bank in an Economy Assignment

The Key Roles of the Central Bank in an Economy - Assignment Example The supervision factor impelled the expansion of the official control and assessment of banks (Masciandaro, 2005). Recently, the oversight function has been changed to other agencies from the central bank. The following explains the roles of Central Bank of different countries. It is the defining characteristics of the central bank. The central banks undertake decision –making and implementation of monetary policies. However, different nations have different extensive and the responsibility assigned to the independent central bank (Schinasi, 2003). The central bank role of setting monetary policies is critically autonomous though not completely autonomous as it undertakes the implementation and decision-making stages of the monetary policy function (Al-Sabah, 1997). Therefore, the national government contributes in a certain process of monetary policy. In respect to monetary policy, the central bank is the only body that has the instrument autonomy. The Eurosystem, central ban ks governors from different nations participate in an ex officio ability in the monetary policy process. The countries central banks jointly make a decision regarding monetary policy, therefore, national central banks do not make independent decisions (Al-Sabah, 1997). As compared to the monetary policy the central bank has complete autonomy concerning the implementation of exchange rate policy (Al-Sabah, 1997). Criteria used in decision-making sometimes political direction. Since exchange controls were built principally as exchange rate devices, these instruments have been allocated to the central bank although it could be done by tax authorities. Responsibilities regarding financial stability are considered an essential role of the central bank. The central bank is considered to have a full responsibility for ensuring financial stability and acts as financial system oversight body (Johnson, 1997).

Challenges for Patient Care in Acute Wards

Challenges for Patient Care in Acute Wards It may seem a strange principle to enunciate as the very first requirement in a hospital that it should do the sick no harm Nightingale F (1863) With this statement in mind, identify the major problems for hospitalised patients in acute wards, in the twenty first century. For each problem identified discuss the role of nurses in maintaining the safety, health and well-being of patients. Introduction Hospitals of today are indeed a far cry from the hospitals of the era of Florence Nightingale in very many respects, but the guiding principles of aspiring to be a safe and healing haven for the sick clearly have not changed over the years. One of Nightingale’s major crusades was the constant battle against infection which was rife in the wards of her day. To that extent, her mantra continues with the problems that iatrogenic infections cause in today’s hospitals. It is worthy of note in passing, that Nightingale is credited with popularising the statistical analysis of problems. Her famous chart (Playfair 1847) that correlated the decimation of Napoleon’s army by disease as it advanced and then retreated from Moscow, was a milestone in the arguments that she was advancing in the dangers of potential of communicable diseases in crowded environments. The title of this essay refers to Florence Nightingale’s famous remark which implied that in her day there was a real possibility of hospitals â€Å"harming patients†. Her remark, albeit made to address a serious public health problem of the mid nineteenth century, has a resonance which is both deeper and more significant than would first appear on face value. Her comment is actually a paraphrase of a quote from Hippocrates some two millennia earlier in his exhortation to aspiring physicians, â€Å"If you are to become a physician, adopt the first rule that whatever else, you will do no harm†. (Carrick 2000) The significance of this is that even two thousand years after the principle was first enunciated, it was still recognised that healthcare professionals, whilst employing their best endeavours to cure patients, were still able to inflict significant morbidity and even mortality on their patients. The main thrust of this essay is to demonstrate that even with the passage of a further one hundred and fifty years, it is arguable that the same premise holds good today. It is undoubtedly true that the advances in medicine and technology generally have changed the perspectives and horizons far beyond those that Nightingale would have recognised, but this has done little more than to simply change the nature and type of problem that healthcare professionals have to deal with. Iatrogenic morbidity is still a significant fact of life in our modern healthcare practice. (Sugarman Sulmasy 2001) The original work by Semmelweis (at about the same time as Nightingale ) in the 1850s, (Semmelweis 1861) made major inroads into our knowledge of the transmission of pathogens around wards. This work was augmented by Lister and others with their work on asepsis and antisepsis. (Birte Twisselmann 2003). Over the intervening years this has been translated into Nursing practice on the wards by a multitude of protocols at both local and national levels. Simple hand washing between patient contact, is still regarded as one of the most expedient ways of reducing cross contamination between patients, but is sadly still frequently overlooked as both a nuisance and even a hindrance when in a clinical situation. Some of the more recent National guidelines are encapsulated in the Government White Paper â€Å"New Guidelines to cleaner hospitals† published in 2004. This has been augmented by a statement to the House of Commons by John Reid who has announced targets of cutting MRSA infection by 50% of current levels by 2008 (Reid 2004) One cannot work in the current healthcare setting and not be aware of the high profile that MRSA has attracted. Some may say that it’s profile is disproportionately large when compared to many of the other iatrogenic problems that would come under the umbrella of Nightingale’s original statement. The fact of the matter is that it is not only a matter of patient morbidity and mortality, but it is also a matter of economic sense as well. A recent study commissioned by the Department of Health (Public Accounts Committee 2000) concluded that Healthcare Associated Infections (HCAI’s) are currently running in excess of 8% of all acute hospital admissions in the UK. The economic cost is further expanded by the fact that a HCAI has the ability to delay discharge dates and thereby increase inpatient costs. The same study also concluded that â€Å"For the NHS in England this represents 3.6 million bed days lost, with a projected cost of  £1 billion a year.† and then went on to observe that â€Å"Implementation of all the measures suggested by the NPSA would release  £147 million and save about 450 lives once target compliance rates have been met.† We have commented on local initiatives and quote as an example the Epic project that has been run at local level throughout the country which seeks to apply evidence-based guidelines locally for the reduction of various healthcare associated infections. (Pratt et al 2001) When considering any significant healthcare issue, one should always reflect upon the evidence base that is available to assess one’s own position on the subject (Gibbs, G 1988). Publications in peer-reviewed journals are perhaps one major plank in this evidence base. One must always be alert to differentiate between the weight to be placed upon the evidence in this type of publication when compared to others such as Government pronouncements, bulletins and circulars, unless they are attributed – and most are not – and can therefore be verified. On the issue of patient cross contamination and handwashing we would commend the excellent tour de force by Boyce Pittet (2002) In current nursing practice we can see the modern consequences of many initiatives aimed at reducing the cross-patient spread of infection. The abundance of near-patient handwashing facilities (Donowitz 1997) and antiseptic soap dispensers (Graham 1990) is a testament to this fact as are the modern trend to single use equipment, dressings and aprons etc. The provision of such facilities are, by themselves, not totally effective as many studies have shown that there is an inherent resistance from some staff to measures as simple as handwashing (Teare 1999) and that additional measures such as poster campaigns and staff lectures produce only transient behaviour changes (Kretzer et al. 1998) Another area where there is the clear potential to do harm to patients is the whole area of patient identification. Patients in hospital have investigations and treatments that are potentially dangerous. One hopes that for each intervention a â€Å"balance sheet† has been drawn up, which weighs the potential hazards against the potential gains for each procedure. This is fine as long as the procedure is performed on the right patient. If the wrong patient is identified for the procedure then it can have disastrous implications. (Williamson et al.1999) To give a specific example. Let us consider the case of blood transfusion. This is a very common procedure in our hospitals with many thousands of units of blood being transfused on a daily basis. Despite stringent protocols and guidelines in one typical year there were 197 serious adverse incidents resulting from incorrect patient identification, this included 42 cases of major morbidity and two deaths. (Mayor 1999) To combat this specific problem (and to illustrate our argument) National guidelines for transfusion protocols have now been advised and should be implemented in all NHS hospitals: The patients identity should be verified by two members of staff together The identification should be carried out at the patients bedside The identity and quality of the blood pack and the prescription should be formally verified The patients identity should be confirmed verbally The patients identity band should be formally verified The patients blood pressure, pulse, and temperature should be taken before and at regular intervals during the transfusion (as detailed in the committees report) (Clarke et al. 2001). Many nurses reading this may think that this is already normal procedure and yet studies have shown that patient identification checks were carried out in only 63% of cases – 46% verbally and only 60% against their wrist bands. Even more worryingly, only 25% of transfusion cases had their vital signs recorded contemporaneously. (Clarke et al. 2001). Although we have used this particular situation to illustrate the possible ramifications of patient mis-identification (or simply poor practice), there are clearly countless other situations where patients are at risk. A typical ward nurse will know the majority of the patients on her ward. The majority of the medical and surgical healthcare professionals will not. (Savulesuc et al. 1998). It follows therefore, that the ward nurse is ideally placed to verify if the patient who is being dispatched to the anaesthetic room is the right one for the operation or appropriate procedure. In this respect the concept of patient advocacy falls heavily on the nurse. This argument can be broadened further. The majority of medical staff (by virtue of pressure of work and time), can only spend a short time discussing each case with each patient. The ward nurse will typically have longer to discuss wider issues with the patient and may therefore be able to elicit or discover relevant facts which have not been discovered of recorded by the medical staff. The nurse is therefore again ideally placed to act as an advocate for the patient to ensure that relevant facts are brought to the attention of those who need to know (Bryant 2005). An example might be that a patient had not discussed particular religious beliefs or points of view with the doctor which the nurse may subsequently become aware of. (Kuhse Singer 2001). Here then, is the thrust of Nightingale’s message. Hospitals are places that are (generally) full of healthcare professionals who are intent on providing a good professional service for their patients. In the pursuit of that aim they have to employ technologies, medicines and techniques that have the ability to cause harm. This harm can occur through chance, calculated risk or just bad luck, but equally it can occur through bad practice lack of communication or sloppy procedure. It is the latter that the nurse is ideally placed to counter. Professionalism demands that the nurse should speak up whenever such eventualities are discovered. In doing so they can often save accidents, unfortunate events or even disasters from occurring. If all members of the healthcare team follow the same mantra then Nightingale’s edict will become less relevant. (Veitch 2002) Having said that, it is not a situation where complacency can be allowed any room at all. The healthcare services are extremely complex organisations requiring the combined efforts of many thousands of individuals. The potential for mistakes is therefore enormous. One must always bear in mind that the nurse is generally familiar with the workings and procedures of the health service whereas the patient generally is not. The patient will typically accept on trust what he is asked to do and submit to, without the background knowledge of whether it is actually appropriate to his particular case. It is this basis that is often the scenario for avoidable incidents where harm is done to patients. The nurse must be constantly vigilant for the potential for mistakes in order to minimise the potential for harm coming to the patients in their charge. References Birte Twisselmann (2003) The Discovery of the Germ BMJ, Jul 2003; 327: 57. Boyce JM Pittet D. (2002) Guidelines for hand hygiene in Healthcare settings HMSO Oct 25 2002 / 51 (RR 16); 1-44 Bryant P 2005 None so naive as the well meaning BMJ, Jan 2005; 330: 263 Carrick P 2000 Medical Ethics in the Ancient World Georgetown University press 2000 ISBN: 0878408495 Clark P. Iain Rennie, and Sam Rawlinson 2001 Quality improvement report: Effect of a formal education programme on safety of transfusions BMJ, Nov 2001; 323: 1118 1120. Donowitz LG. (1997) Handwashing technique in a paediatric intensive care unit. Am J Dis Child 1997; 141:6835. Gibbs, G (1988) Learning by doing: A guide to Teaching and Learning methods EMU Oxford Brookes University, Oxford. 1988 Graham M. (1990) Frequency and duration of handwashing in an intensive care unit. Am J Infect Control 1990; 18:7780. Kretzer EK, Larson EL. (1998) Behavioural interventions to improve infection control practices. Am J Infect Control 1998; 26:24553. Kuhse Singer 2001 A companion to bioethics ISBN: 063123019X Pub Date 05 July 2001 Mayor S 1999 Review calls for improved patient identification systems for blood BMJ, Mar 1999; 318: 692. New guidelines to cleaner hospitals: 2004 NHS Directive; HMSO, Tuesday 7 December 2004 Playfair, William 1847 The Statistical Breviary, British Museum London, 1847 Pratt RJ, Pellowe C, Loveday HP, Robinson N, Smith GW and the epic guideline development team; Barrett S, Davey P, Loveday C, McDougall C, Mulhall A, Privett S, Smales C, Taylor L, Weller B and Wilcox M. (2001). The epic Project: Developing National Evidence-based Guidelines for preventing Healthcare Associated Infections, Phase 1: Guidelines for preventing Hospital-Acquired Infections. J Hospital Infection; 47 (suppl): S1-S82. Public Accounts Committee.2000 The management and control of hospital acquired infection in acute NHS Trusts in England (HC 306), HMSO: House of Commons 2000. ISBN 0102695008 Reid. Dr John, 2004 Sec. Of State for Health; Hansard: Dec 10th 2004 Savulescu J. , Rachel Marsden, Tony Hope, Michael Saunders, Ruth Carlyle, Pippa Gough, and George J Annas 1998 Ethical debate: Sex, drugs, and the invasion of privacy †¢ Respect for privacy and the case of Mr K †¢ Commentary: Hospital can never be home †¢ Commentary: Silence may be the best advocacy †¢ Commentary: Nurses should recognise patients rights to autonomy †¢ Commentary: Patients should have privacy as long as they do not harm themselves or others BMJ, Mar 1998; 316: 921 924. Semmelweis IP. (1861) Die aetiologie, der begriff und die prophylaxis des kindbettfiebers. Pest, Wien und Leipzig: CA Hartlebens Verlags-Expedition 1861. Sugarman J Sulmasy 2001 Methods in Medical Ethics Georgetown Univeristy Press 2001 ISBN: 0878408738 Teare L, (1999) Handwashing Liaison Group. Hand washing: a modest measurewith big effects. Br Med J 1999; 318:686. Veitch RM 2002 Cross-cultural perspectives in medical ethics Jones Bartlett 2002 ISBN: 0763713325 Williamson, S Lowe, E M Love, H Cohen, K Soldan, D B L McClelland, P Skacel, and J A J Barbara 1999 Serious hazards of transfusion (SHOT) initiative: analysis of the first two annual reports BMJ, Jul 1999; 319: 16 19. ************************************************************************************************ 31.8.05 PDG. Word Count 2,592

Liberalism in Canadian Government Essay -- essays research papers

Liberalism is the best ideology for Canada’s government and is a good combination of both Socialism and Conservatism. Liberalism takes the finer parts from both ideologies to create a better form of government. Canadians now have a choice in which ideology they like better by this compromised form of government. The centre of the spectrum and the equilibrium of government and individual ownership is the definition of Liberalism. A good example of why Liberalism is the number one choice from most Canadians is public and privatized hospitals. Right now, Canada only has public hospitals that are free for everybody in need of medical assistance but require a health care plan. Public hospitals are paid by taxes, just like public education. The only downfall of publicized faculties is that they are normally very crowded, and you cannot always get help as fast. Private hospitals appeal more to people with money. People who are willing to pay the extra couple grand for faster and, some say, of better quality care. Since normally the best doctors would be working in their own pri...

Absolute control on government in the provinces Essay

How successful was Louis of imposing absolute control on government in the provinces? Louis throughout his reign was believed by his predecessors to be an absolute monarch but was this really true when put into practice. To achieve absolute power Louis needed more or less total control over everything that went on in the provinces. For example he needed to make sure the taxes which he imposed were being successfully collected and corruption was to a minimal. To some extent Louis was successful in imposing absolute power on the government in the provinces. He passed laws which they didn’t like and they weren’t allowed to remonstrate until the law was passed meaning no chance for real negotiation. Although to another extent his successes could have been limited as yes they weren’t allowed to remonstrate until the law was passed but the parlements would still be informed about the policy and Louis would discuss it with them first hand showing the parlements still had some control. Furthermore some may say that Louis didn’t mean or intend to enforce absolute control in the provinces. He saw the need for compromise and realised it was in his best interest to do so. To a certain degree Louis successfully imposed more control on the government in the provinces using his absolute powers. The government in France in the seventeenth century had many government bodies. Examples of these are the provincial governors and the parlements. Traditional historian’s believed Louis tried to reduce the powers of these government bodies to show he was gaining the absolute power he needed to be an absolute monarch. To begin with Louis took various measures to lessen the power of the parlements. There were many steps which he took to do this. He firstly decided to cut their judicial wages by a third. Louis wanted to show the parlements he was the main leader in France and no one can question him. The wage cuts could also mean more money for Louis himself, to spend on his own interests. Being wealthy can show a person’s power in society even today, so by gaining more money it would be showing Louis absolute power over France is coming into effect. It would also come clear to the parlements that Louis is gaining absolute power over them and stopping him from doing so would lead to no good. Next Louis created a law that parlements could not remonstrate until a law which was to be put in place was passed. If an act of remonstration was to arise before the law was actually passed than in Louis words they â€Å"must be executed quickly and only once.† Again Louis is imposing his absolute control over the parlements. Louis made all the final decisions, were the parlements had really no say in the matter, if he was to pass a particular law. Louis was the main leader and everyone had to come to him first to pass any type of law. He was the main man. This shows his absolute control over the provinces and the whole of France was successfully being put in place. Louis could do anything without the consultation of others. He could control France in his own way if he wanted to as he made the final decisions over anything which was to be passed by government or even the clergy. Laws would also be passed by Louis that the parlements did not like. An example of this was when in 1714 Louis insisted a law was to be passed that allowed his bastards sons to take the throne if his legitimate family line ended. Many parlements did not like this law but were obliged to pass it as Louis would pass it any way as he is the final decision maker. Liberal historian’s believed Louis successfully imposed absolute control in the provinces. He was seen as an absolutist to them and his absolute powers were not always for good but in short term showed he was powerful. Louis made all final decisions and the government seemed to not have as much of a say as they may have liked too. The policies which he put in place to reduce the power of the parlements successfully showed him to be an absolute power over the government in the provinces. Louis did not just try to reduce power of parlement but he tried to control the provincial governors too. He wanted not just one group of the government to be changed but the whole government to be controlled in his way. Louis wanted to show his absolute control was in place to everyone in the provinces. The provincial governors were usually part of the nobility of sword with ancient land holding rights, privileges and held important status in the particular province they worked in. They traditionally were responsible for raising money through tax collection in the provinces and day to day decision making. Louis tried imposing his absolute control over them too. He made sure taxes were collected properly and to his standards. He needed the right amount of money for him to spend and if they didn’t collect it to a satisfactory standard he would have words and they may be punished in some way. This shows if you cross Louis you will be punished and you needed to keep on the right side of him. The provincial governors were nobility of the sword and were much easier to control. They had not bought their offices like the nobility of the robe. They needed to stay on his right side as they could be easily sacked. His absolute powers were shown through his banishment of Fouquet, who he thought was getting to big for his boots. He tried to disagree with Louis and was banished far away from the king in a rural area. Louis was showing his absolute control of his close companions too and his absolutism was coming through after this event. In some way he was successful in imposing his power over the provincial governors as they were less likely to disagree with him as they were allocated places in the government. The king was the ruler over everyone and to question his authority would be bad idea. One group of people in the provinces who could have helped him to gain absolute control were known as the intendants. They gathered information for the king and supervised the enforcement of his decisions. The intendants were given reports on their progress from the king. If they weren’t doing their job properly then the king would lay down what he wanted of them or else they may be gotten rid of. Louis shows here that he has control over the intendants as if they cross him they will not be part of his governing bodies which most people wanted to be part of. Furthermore the Intendants were only allowed to serve in a particular province for up to three years. Louis made sure they had no family or financial connection with these generalities. This helped Louis to gain absolute control over them. Making them only stay in a province for up to three years would allow Louis to stop the intendants from becoming attached to the province they are in. If the intendants were to stay in a province for too long they may become more lenient towards friends they may have made financial opportunities which could sway them from being loyal to the king. This allowed Louis to gain what he wanted out of the intendants such as they could spy on people in the provinces and see if they were being corrupt in any way. This allowed the king to control other people to as he would find out if a person is not obeying him first hand. Louis could then either punish them or give them are warning. Louis would issue the punishment showing his absolute power over the people and the government. The intendants would be more reliable if not in one place for too long allowing Louis to control them and the people in the provinces. No one would question Louis in the provinces and he made all decisions overall. This showed his absolute power over government in the provinces was successfully being imposed. On the other hand however to another degree Louis power was limited by certain factors. In many areas he compromised and negotiated with government in the provinces rather than imposing absolute control. Even though Louis may have tried to gain absolute control there was still a lot of corruption among the government bodies especially by the provincial governors. The provincial governors collected the taxes for the king from people in the provinces. This may have help Louis build up his empire but the provincial governors would pocket some of the money for themselves meaning not all the money went to Louis. This shows Louis was not successful in imposing absolute power over the provincial governors. If he had absolute control all the money which the provincial governors collected would go to him. Louis did not always keep an eye on the government bodies in the provinces as he would be occupied with doing his own thing. The provincial governors would also employ lesser nobles to collect the taxes for them to give to the king. Some were busy enjoying their own perfect lives using their position as part of government and friend to king. Nobles who were employed in the provinces would too pocket money from the taxes. The king would then receive less and less money. Louis absolutism was limited here as he would not always punish them for being corrupt but just let it go over his head. In his own mind Louis found it better to negotiate with the provincial governors of how much taxes he should receive. The provincial governors were not that much threat to Louis in terms of uprising but he needed to keep them on side in order to ensure continued revenue from provinces. Again it shows Louis did not successfully have absolute control over the provinces. He had to negotiate terms with the provincial governors and did not have full control over what they did in their own lives as part of the government. Louis could not just change what they did as there could be potential for rebellion. Even though it was unlikely it was possible. Consequently Louis powers over the parlements were not as absolutist as people may have thought. Yes he would not let the parlements remonstrate before the law was passed but more often than not he would discuss the law with the parlements first before he actually passed it. This shows he doesn’t have absolute power over the parlements. He did want other people’s opinions before he put a law out there meaning they could sway his decisions on the particular law. He did consult them on the law but he didn’t usually pass it without any discussions. His absolutism was limited as he shows he wants people to be on his side. If he was an absolutist he would not care about other people’s opinions on him. He did have the final say on laws but this was nothing new as forerunners took this on before him. Kings always have the right to formulate and pass laws. He was only doing what he was rightfully allowed. Next Louis was also limited in imposing his absolute power on the parlements as they could either be his biggest supporter or biggest threat. They were not located at Versailles but lived by themselves away from the king. This limited Louis from keeping an eye on them as each member of the parlement was scattered around France. Louis could not control what they did as much as he would have liked as they were far away from him. Also Louis wanted to stay on their good side and didn’t want to try and control them too much. There were still memories of the Fronde in Louis mind, when the parlements turned on his father and Mazarin. He did not want this to happen again as this would disrupt French society. Although Louis may have wanted to impose absolute power on the government in the provinces he could not go too far with his policies. He didn’t want any rebellions to happen among the parlements. He tried lessening the power so this would not happen during his reign. 2oth century historians say the extent to which Louis did have absolute power has anyway been exaggerated. Roger Mettam studied the provinces and it showed Louis ruled through cooperation. He didn’t take powers of parlements but made deals with them. The government bodies in the provinces may have been the main part of Louis limited absolutism but there were other factors which may have limited him. The geography of France was one of these. France was and still is a large country, communication can be very hard. This would have limited Louis from keeping an eye on the government powers in the provinces. He could not be in each province at any one time and during this time the provincial assemblies could have made decisions without his say so. Versailles was located on the other side of France to some provinces and government. This limited Louis from imposing his absolute control over the government in provinces as he was not in the middle of the discussions they may have as they are not located at Versailles with him. Communication between Louis and the government could limit him from knowing everything that that the government and the people in the provinces are doing. To be an absolutist Louis would have to know everything what was going on, so he can lay down the law to them. Similarly his economic position limited him from being successful in imposing his absolutism on the government. He didn’t have the money to do what he wanted. Therefore he needed to keep the church and the government on side. Louis needed money to be raised for him for his own pleasure and for France to run smoothly. Provincial governors raised money for him, do he needed to keep him on side to ensure his taxes were being collected to a good standard. If Louis had the money to be an absolutist he could have been but his financial difficulties limited him. The church needed to be kept on side as they were a big influence on his tax and money income. The divine right of kings could have influenced Louis to try to be an absolute monarch but this could have limited him too. It meant he needed to put the interest of the people of France before his own. Divine right of kings for Louis could mean cooperation with god so shouldn’t he cooperate with the people and government. On the contrary one might argue that it wasn’t Louis intention to impose absolute control in the provinces. He recognised the need for compromise and conciliation and realised it was not in his best interest to simply dictate his will. Louis saw the need to discuss decisions with the government bodies for the country to run in the way he wanted. Trust between him and the government bodies would be a high. He liked being friends with some of the parlements and provincial government. Dictating to them rules and regulations and being overbearing would not allow this.

Free Essays on Salems Lot

Salem’s Lot is the story of a man who returns to his home town to face the fears of his childhood, only to find a entire new set of fears awaiting him. Ben’s hometown now has a new occupant, Barlow, an evil as old as time. As one by one the inhabits of Salem’s Lot disappear only to turn up later in the night, as something worse than dead. Ben Mears is a successful novelist who returns to Jerusalem’s Lot his hometown. As a child Ben had gone through a terrifying experience in the local â€Å"haunted house†. He believed that by renting the old Marsten house he could face his fears, and be able to write away old ghosts. The first person he meets when he returns is Susan Norton, a fan of his writing, with whom he is immediately attracted to. He tells her about his childhood experience; how on a dare from a group of friends he was supposed to go into the Marsten house and bring something out. But all that the nine-year-old had seen was the hanging body of the former owner Hubie Marsten, and how the dead body had opened its eyes. And though now he knows that he really didn’t see the body, he feels that the Marsten house is a ‘storage place’ for the evil things that had happened there. Susan tells Ben that the house, unoccupied for many years has already been rented to a newcomer in town, a Mr. Barlow, a man that no one has ever seen, but intends to open an antique store in town. His partner, Mr. Straker, has made all the arrangements. The book then describes how the inhabitants of Salem’s Lot discover what Mr. Barlow truly is. Young children disappear, and adults as well as c hildren begin to suf! fer from a mysterious illness, extreme sensitive to the sun, anemia, and eventually death. But as twelve year old Mark Petrie, a supernatural lover, discovers when one of his recently deceased young friends scratch outside his second story bedroom window begging to be let in, that there is no mysterious illness but they are the un... Free Essays on Salems Lot Free Essays on Salems Lot Salem’s Lot is the story of a man who returns to his home town to face the fears of his childhood, only to find a entire new set of fears awaiting him. Ben’s hometown now has a new occupant, Barlow, an evil as old as time. As one by one the inhabits of Salem’s Lot disappear only to turn up later in the night, as something worse than dead. Ben Mears is a successful novelist who returns to Jerusalem’s Lot his hometown. As a child Ben had gone through a terrifying experience in the local â€Å"haunted house†. He believed that by renting the old Marsten house he could face his fears, and be able to write away old ghosts. The first person he meets when he returns is Susan Norton, a fan of his writing, with whom he is immediately attracted to. He tells her about his childhood experience; how on a dare from a group of friends he was supposed to go into the Marsten house and bring something out. But all that the nine-year-old had seen was the hanging body of the former owner Hubie Marsten, and how the dead body had opened its eyes. And though now he knows that he really didn’t see the body, he feels that the Marsten house is a ‘storage place’ for the evil things that had happened there. Susan tells Ben that the house, unoccupied for many years has already been rented to a newcomer in town, a Mr. Barlow, a man that no one has ever seen, but intends to open an antique store in town. His partner, Mr. Straker, has made all the arrangements. The book then describes how the inhabitants of Salem’s Lot discover what Mr. Barlow truly is. Young children disappear, and adults as well as c hildren begin to suf! fer from a mysterious illness, extreme sensitive to the sun, anemia, and eventually death. But as twelve year old Mark Petrie, a supernatural lover, discovers when one of his recently deceased young friends scratch outside his second story bedroom window begging to be let in, that there is no mysterious illness but they are the un...

Awanas Teaching Plans Essay Example

Awanas Teaching Plans Essay Example Awanas Teaching Plans Essay Awanas Teaching Plans Essay TMTeaching Plans1 East Bode Road | Streamwood, IL 60107-6658 U.S.A. (630) 213-2000 | awana.org  © 2013 Awana ® Clubs International. Pages marked reproducible may be reproduced only by churches registered with Awana. 1 2 3 4 5 6 17 18 16 15 14 13Scriptures taken from the Holy Bible, New International Version ®, NIV ®. Copyright  ©1973, 1978, 1984 by Biblica, Inc.â„ ¢ Used by permission of Zondervan. All rights reserved worldwide. www.zondervan.com.Cubbies AppleSeed Teaching PlansTable of ContentsIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Apple Acres Entrance Booklet Bear Hug A, Parent Night; Cubbies Key Verse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Bear Hug B, Cubbies Motto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Handbook AppleSeed Trail Bear Hug 1, A Is for All . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Bear Hug 2, C Is for Christ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Unit 1: God Is Creator Bear Hug 3, Creation: Days One and Two . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bear Hug 4, Creation: Days Three and Four . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bear Hug 5, Creation: Days Five and Six (Animals) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bear Hug 6, Unit 1 Review; Day Six (People) and Day Seven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 52 60 68Unit 2: God†™s

Musical Composer John Williams Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Musical Composer John Williams - Essay Example Although there are nonconformists, most film cynics and "Star Wars" reviewers appear happy with the final episode of the grand, "Revenge of the Sith" (Morris, 2007). And George Lucas has got his utmost extol since the opening "Star Wars" film in 1977. But the associate of the artistic group whose 'hand-outs' are mostly being used for contribution is the composer John Williams. Even as Williams grown to be a household name for "Star Wars" in the seventies, many reviewers made fun of him for the comic strip excess of his achievements. Undoubtedly, he was not Bernard Herrmann. But even Williams's earlier "Jaws" days, when he was manufacturing disaster-flick music like "The Towering Inferno", his efforts were completely professional (Morris, 2007). At a time when created film melody was rising, he re-cuddled the composed film achievements. He has full-grown since then. The attainment to "E.T." changed disposition readily, from gentleness to amazement to magnificently expressive and braze n feeling. The composition throughout the film "Hide and Seek" series, when the robotic boy David plays games with his espoused Mom, who at this initial phase of the narrative is still besotted with him, is specifically nifty. Made from mild melodious riffs, as well as children's piano-practiced melodies, grilling harmony and lop-sided phrases, the music is without further ado mesmeric and disturbing (Timpo, 2004). The achievem

The effect of Leadership in managing performance Essay

The effect of Leadership in managing performance - Essay Example e sustainable growth and development of the businesses, it is prudent for the organizations to remain extremely alert for all the changing environments. Also, it has to inculcate enough features of dynamism and flexibility so that the processes, both internal as well as external, are efficient as well as effective. This is truer for the ever growing industry of the United Arab Emirates. The environment of the UAE is one of the most dynamics industries as people from all across the globe have transaction with the market. To attain such desired status, one of the major areas upon which the organizations have to work is that of the leadership. The leadership should be strong and succinct. The leader should be able to lead from the front with exemplary performance so that the employees and team gets motivated and spirited. Leadership can be defined as the special traits of an individual that he or she posses and that helps him to motivate and induce his colleagues or subordinates to accomplish tasks (Northouse, â€Å"Leadership: Theory and Practice†). The leadership traits of an individual can take various forms, he can be task oriented or people oriented. A task oriented leader is more of a formal kind and views the task assigned to the team of the supreme importance and takes every measure to get it done. On the other hand, the people oriented leader is more of employee friendly and expects to get the best out of the team leveraging the personal relationship with the team. The management of the performance has been a recent and upcoming concept in the field of human resource management. As the competition within the industries are on constant rise, so it has become very important for the organizations of all types, small, mid – sized, large and even multi - national corporations to quantify the performance of the employees. Till very recently, the quantification of the performance was related only with the external jobs like marketing and sales. But standing